Description:
OUSD (R&E) CRITICAL TECHNOLOGY AREA(S): Advanced Materials; Advanced Manufacturing
OBJECTIVE: Objective is to develop method of extracting Germanium (Ge) element from coal gasification ash, which is normally a waste product. The Ge is then purified for later use in crystal growth process to make optical grade material. Ge supply currently dominated by foreign organizations who control price and schedule. This is a significant risk to DoD infrared sensor platforms.
DESCRIPTION: This topic accepts Phase I proposals submissions for a cost up to $250,000 for a 6-month period of performance.
Current methods vaporize Ge from the feedstock (Zn ores) to produce a fume (condensed vapors) followed by leaching and precipitation that yields a 1 to 15% Ge. This topic seeks processes which can yield > 60% Ge concentrates, which in turn can be purified and zone melted to produce ingot forms.
PHASE I:
Monthly reports, deliverable process to achieve high-yield extraction of Ge from coal ash.
Phase I Submission Materials
- 5-page technical volume for down-select.
- 8-slide commercialization plan; template provided in announcement.
- “Statement of Work” outlining intermediate and final anticipated deliverables during the Phase I award period.
Post-Phase I Deliverables:
- Small Business: A feasibility study to demonstrate the technical and commercial practicality of the concept to include an assessment of its technical readiness and potential applicability to military and commercial markets.
PHASE II:
Bi-monthly reports, provide samples of extracted Ge metalloid material.
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- Produce prototype solutions that will be practical and feasible to operate in edge and austere environments. Companies will provide a technology transition and commercialization plan for DOD and commercial markets.
- The Army will evaluate each product in a realistic field environment and provide solutions to stakeholders for further evaluation. Based on Soldier field evaluations, companies will be requested to update the previously delivered prototypes to meet final design configuration.
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PHASE III DUAL USE APPLICATIONS:
- The global germanium market is expected to grow, driven by the electronics and solar industries, especially in the Asia Pacific region with contribution from China and India.
- Challenges include limited natural availability, high production costs, and strict regulations. However, advancements in technology, and expanding applications in aerospace and telecommunications, are boosting demand.
- Relevant academic research:
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- Polymerization Catalyst: Most notably for polyethylene terephthalate (PET) (plastic)
- Infrared Optics: Near infrared detection systems, Other infrared systems
- Communications: Fiber Optics
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REFERENCES:
- Fink, D., Hopper J., "Germanium Requirements for National Defense", Institute for Defense Analysis, Alexandria, VA, 1991. (https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/tr/pdf/ADA240992.pdf)
- USGS Survey Report on Germanium (https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2024/mcs2024-germanium.pdf)
- Ruiz, Aixa González, Patricia Córdoba Sola, and Natalia Moreno Palmerola. 2018. ‘Germanium: Current and Novel Recovery Processes’. Advanced Material and Device Applications with Germanium. InTech. doi:10.5772/intechopen.77997. (https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/61702)
- Homa Rezaei, Sied Ziaedin Shafaei, Hadi Abdollahi, Alireza Shahidi, Sina Ghassa, "A sustainable method for germanium, vanadium and lithium extraction from coal fly ash: Sodium salts roasting and organic acids leaching", Fuel, Volume 312, 2022. (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0016236121027071)
- Fátima Arroyo and Constantino Fernández-Pereira. "Hydrometallurgical Recovery of Germanium from Coal Gasification Fly Ash. Solvent Extraction Method", Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2008, 47, 9, 3186–3191, March 22, 2008, (https://www.osti.gov/biblio/21176911)
KEYWORDS: Germanium; Extraction; Coal Ash; Ge
